Stuart Card
Xerox PARC
Introduction
Example 1: Finding Videos With the FilmFinder
Example 2: Monitoring Stocks With TreeMaps
Example 3: Sensemaking With Permutation Matrices
What Is Information Visualization?
Historical Origins
The Visualization Reference Model
Mapping Data to Visual Form
Data Structures
Visual Structures
Spatial Substrate
Marks
Connection and Enclosure
Retinal Properties
Temporal Encoding
Expressiveness and Effectiveness
Taxonomy of Information Visualization
Simple Visual Structures
One-Variable Visual Displays
Two-Variable Visual Displays
Three-Variables and Information Landscape n-Variables
Trees
Connection
Enclosure
Networks
Composed Visual Structures
Composed Visual Structures
Single-Axis Composition
Double-Axis Composition
Mark Composition and Case Composition
Recursive Composition
Interactive Visual Structures
Dynamic Queries
Magic Lens
Overview + Detail
Linking and Brushing
Extraction and Comparison
Attribute Explorer
Focus + Context Attention-reactive abstractions
Data-based Methods
Filtering
Selective Aggregation
View Based Methods
Micro-macro Readings
Highlighting
Visual Transfer Functions
Perspective Distortion
Alternate Geometries
Sensemaking with Visualization
Knowledge Crystallization
Acquire Information
Make Sense of It
Create Something New
Act on it
Levels for Applying Information Visualization
Acknowledgements
References
Figure 28.1: FilmFinder overview scattergraph. Courtesy of University of Maryland.) Online version not available
Figure 28.2: FilmFinder scattergraph zoom-in. (Courtesy of University of Maryland.) Online version not available
Figure 28.3: FilmFinder details on demand. (Courtesy of University of Maryland.) Online version not available
Figure 28.4: FilmFinder retrieval by example. (Courtesy of University of Maryland.) Online version not available
Figure 28.5: TreeMap of daily stock prices. (Courtesy of SmartMoney.com.) Online version not available
Figure 28.6: TreeMap of year-to-date stock prices. (Courtesy of SmartMoney.com.) Online version not available
Figure 28.7: Permutation matrix representation of hotel data. (a) Initial matrix of variables. (b) Permuted matrix to group like patterns together. (c) Permutation matrix in simplified form for presentation. Note. From Graphics Constructions and Graphic Information-Processing (pp.24 –31), by J.Bertin,1977/1981,Berlin:Walter De Gruyter Copyright 1977/1981 by Walter De Gruyter. Reprinted with permission. Online version not available
Figure 28.8: Newton’s optics illustration. From his first scientific publication. Note. From The Scientific Image: From Cave to Computer ,by H. Robin, 1992, New York: H. N. Abrams, Inc. Copyright 1992 by H. N. Abrams, Inc. Reprinted with permission. Online version not available
Figure 28.9: Playfair’s chart of English imports and exports. Note. From The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by E.R.Tufte,1983,Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press. Copyright 1983 by Graphics Press. Reprinted with permission. Online version not available
Figure 28.10: Reference model for visualization (Card et al.,1999).Visualization can be described as the mapping of data to visual form that supports human interaction in a workspace for visual sense making.
Figure 28.11: (Color Version) Types of marks.
Figure 28.12: (Color Version) Retinal properties (Card et al.,1999).The six retinal properties can be grouped by whether they form a scale with a natural zero point (extend) and whether they deal with spatial distance or orientation (spatial).
Figure 28.13: (Color Version) Mapping from data to visual form that violates expressiveness criterion.
Figure 28.14: One-variable visual abstractions. 1D = one-dimensional.
Figure 28.15: Uses of one-variable visual abstractions.
Figure 28.16: Simple Visual Structures.1D = one-dimensional;2D = two-dimensional;3D = three-dimensional.
Figure 28.17: (Color Version) Retinal information topographies.
Figure 28.18: (Color Version) Three-dimensional information surface topographies.
Figure 28.19: Trees.
Figure 28.20: (Color Version) Network methods.
Figure 28.21: (Color Version) Composition types (Partially based on a slide by Jock Mackinlay)
Figure 28.22: (Color Version) Single-axis composition: parallel coordinates (Inselberg,1997).
Figure 28.23: (Color Version) Recursive composition.
Figure 28.24: (Color Version) Interaction techniques.
Figure 28.25: (Color Version) Degree-of-interest calculation for fish-eye visualization. (a) Intrinsic DOI. (b) Distance DOI. (c) DOI = Intrinsic DOI-Distance DOI. (d) After eliding nodes in (c) with a threshold of DOI < -5.
Figure 28.26: Micro-macro reading (Winfree,1987).Courtesy of Scientific American Library. Online version not available
Figure 28.27: (Color Version) Bifocal + transfer function. (a) View of document space. (b) Visual transfer function. (c) First derivative of visual transfer function region.(d) Resulting bifocal view of documents.
Figure 28.28: (Color Version) Attention-reactive visualizations.
Figure 28.29: (Color Version) Levels of use for information visualization (Card et al., 1999).
Figure 28.30: (Color Version) Information visualization applications.