Chris Quintana, Joseph Krajcik, and Elliot Soloway
University of Michigan
Cathleen Norris
University of North Texas
Introduction
Traditional Design Approach: User-Centered Design
Designing for Learning: Learner-Centered Design
Overview: Learning Theory and the Design of Educational Software
Crossing the Gulf of Expertise: Three Theories of Learning and Their "Gap-Crossing" Strategies
Behaviorist Approach
Information Processing Approach
Social Constructivist Approach
Open Issues and Concluding Remarks
Analysis
Design
Evaluation
Acknowledgments
References
Figure 42.1: Primary user characteristic.
Figure 42.2: Gulfs of execution and evaluation.
Figure 42.3: Primary learner characteristic.
Figure 42.4: Gulf of expertise.
Figure 42.5: Andes: A physics tutor.
Figure 42.6: Model-it relationship editor.
Figure 42.7: Symphony main screen.