Holger Luczak
Aachen University of Technology
Matthias Roetting
Liberty Mutual Research Center for Safety and Health
Olaf Oehme
Aachen University of Technology
Introduction
Framework
Variation of Light or of A Physical Entity
Analog and Digital Data Displays
One-,Two-,or Three-Dimensional Displays
Set of Displayable Tokens
Physical Principles
Number of Colors the Display Can Present
Physical Dimensions of the Display and Further Criteria
Quality Criteria for Visual Displays
Luminance
Contrast
Glare
Readability
Technologies
Lamps
Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Display Screen Masks
Resolution
Frequencies and Rates
Representation Errors and Adjustment Possibilities
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
Active Matrix LCD
Scaling
Representation Errors
Plasma Display Panels (PDP)
Electroluminescent Displays (ELDs)
Laser Display Technology (LDP)
Electronic Ink and Paper
Standards
Displays For Selected Applications
Augmented Reality
Field of View
Monocular Versus Binocular
Virtual Reality
Handheld and Mobile Devices
Visual Hazards and Impairments
Radiation and Fields
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Eye Discomfort
Effects on the Skin
Other Areas
References
Figure 9.1: The output device of Konrad Zuse’s Z3 computer with lamps for the decimal numbers (right) and arithmetic exception handling (left). Reprinted by permission of Horst Zuse. A low-resolution version of the photograph is available at http://irb.cs.tuberlin.de/~zuse/Konrad_Zuse/Z3-detail.htm (retrieved January 31,2002).
Figure 9.2: Seven-segment display.
Figure 9.3: Equal energy-matching functions of the standard XYZ system. The curves x , y, and z show the relative amounts of the X, Y, and Z primary colors needed to match the color of the wavelength of light (after Kaufman,1974).
Figure 9.4: Seven-segment display.
Figure 9.5: The hue, saturation and brightness system of specifying color.
Figure 9.6:Difference sensitivity L /(delta)L for four viewing objects of varying size over viewing field luminance La (Hartmann,1992).
Figure 9.7: Direct and reflected glare.
Figure 9.8: Glare can be avoided by limiting the lamp luminance and by correct positioning of the display.
Figure 9.9: Major parts and components of a cathode ray tube.
Figure 9.10: Dot mask arrangement.
Figure 9.11: Slit mask arrangement.
Figure 9.12: Slot mask arrangement.
Figure 9.13: Principles of operation of a twisted nematic LCD.
Figure 9.14: Major parts and components of a plasma display panel.
Figure 9.15: Schematic drawing of the construction of a monochrome AC thin film electroluminescent display. The light is emitted from the phosphorous layer and passes through the transparent electrode and the glass substrate.
Figure 9.16: Difference in dispersion of light between thermal emitters and laser light.
Figure 9.17: Operating principles of Electronic Ink (after EInk,2001a). Depending on the electric field applied to the transparent top electrode and the bottom electrode, either the positively charged white or the negatively charged black pigment chips will move to the top of the microcapsule.
Figure 9.18: Operating principles of Gyricon. Depending on the electric field applied to the transparent top electrode and the bottom electrode, either the positively charged black or the negatively charged white half of the little ball will move to the top of the microcapsule.
Figure 9.19: Optical-see-through (left) and video-feed-through (right) head-mounted displays.